National Diet Building: Japan's iconic seat of government

History and architecture of the National Diet Building

The history of the National Diet Building dates back to the late 19th century when Japan was transitioning into a modern constitutional monarchy. Construction on the current building began in 1920 and was completed in November 1936, marking a significant milestone in Japan's political development. The building's design, a blend of European and Japanese architectural styles, was the result of a public design competition held in 1918.

The winning design by architect Watanabe Fukuzo formed the basis for the building's floor plan. However, the distinctive pyramid-shaped roof and central tower were inspired by another competition entry, reflecting a more modern hybrid architecture. The building's exterior is primarily constructed of granite, while the interior features extensive use of marble. Notable elements include the impressive bronze doors at the central entrance, each measuring 3.94 meters in height and weighing 1.125 tons.

Interestingly, all building materials, except for the stained glass, door locks, and pneumatic tube system, are of Japanese origin. This emphasis on domestic materials was a point of national pride during the building's construction.

Structure and layout of the Diet Building

The National Diet Building is a massive structure with three floors above ground, a four-story central portion, and a nine-story tower. Its impressive dimensions include:

• Site area: 103,007 square meters
• Building area: 13,356 square meters (total floor space: 53,464 square meters)
• Length (north-south): 206.36 meters
• Depth (east-west): 88.63 meters
• Height to roof: 20.91 meters (central tower: 65.45 meters)

The building is symmetrically designed, with the House of Representatives occupying the left wing and the House of Councillors in the right wing when facing the building. The central portion houses key facilities shared by both houses.

Japanese Diet Building, Nagatacho, Tokyo

Key features and facilities within the National Diet Building

The National Diet Building boasts several notable features and facilities:

Central Hall: Located directly under the central tower, this impressive space has a floor area of 267.65 square meters and a cathedral-like ceiling rising 32.62 meters high. The hall is adorned with stained glass windows and features bronze statues of key figures in Japan's parliamentary history.

Emperor's Room (Gokyūsho): This ornate chamber, located at the top of the central staircase, is used by the Emperor during his visits to the Diet. It's particularly noteworthy for its exquisite craftsmanship and use of high-quality materials, including cypress wood finished with fine lacquer.

Chambers of the House of Representatives and House of Councillors: These large halls, located on the 2nd floor of each wing, are where plenary sessions are held. They feature semicircular seating arrangements and stained glass ceilings.

Committee Rooms: The building houses numerous committee rooms where much of the detailed legislative work takes place. These are spread across the main building and an annex constructed in 1969.

The role and functions of the National Diet

The National Diet serves as Japan's bicameral legislature and plays a crucial role in the country's governance. Its primary functions include:

Lawmaking: As the sole law-making organ of the state, the Diet is responsible for debating and passing legislation.

Budget approval: The Diet must approve the annual national budget submitted by the government.

Treaty ratification: International treaties require ratification by the Diet.

Selection of the Prime Minister: The Diet designates the Prime Minister, typically the leader of the majority party or coalition.

Oversight of the government: The Diet has the power to conduct investigations into government affairs and can pass no-confidence motions against the Cabinet.

While both houses of the Diet have important roles, the House of Representatives is generally considered more powerful. It can override decisions of the House of Councillors in certain circumstances, including the selection of the Prime Minister and the passage of the budget.

Visiting the National Diet Building: Tours and access information

The National Diet Building offers tours to the public, providing an opportunity to see the inner workings of Japan's government up close. Here's what you need to know:

House of Representatives tours: English-language tours are available once daily, Monday through Friday. These tours must be reserved in advance via email.

House of Councillors tours: Japanese-language tours are available on weekdays without advance reservations. Unfortunately, English tours are not currently offered for this chamber.

To access the National Diet Building, the most convenient stations are Nagatacho Station (on the Yurakucho, Hanzomon, and Namboku lines) and Kokkai-gijidō-mae Station (on the Marunouchi and Chiyoda lines). The building is about a five-minute walk from these stations.

When visiting, be sure to observe proper etiquette and dress code. Photography is typically restricted inside the building.

Nagatacho Subway Station with US & Japan flags honoring President Barack Obama's visit in 2014, Tokyo

Significance and symbolism of the National Diet Building in Japanese politics

The National Diet Building holds immense symbolic importance in Japanese politics and society. It represents Japan's transition to a modern democratic state and serves as a physical embodiment of the country's legislative process.

The building's imposing architecture and central location in Tokyo reflect the Diet's status as "the highest organ of state power" under Japan's post-war constitution. Its grand design and meticulous construction using primarily Japanese materials also speak to the national pride and aspirations of the era in which it was built.

Moreover, the Diet Building has been witness to numerous significant events in Japan's modern history, from the country's post-war reconstruction to its emergence as a global economic powerhouse. It continues to be a focal point for political discourse and decision-making that shapes the future of the nation.

Interesting facts and trivia about the National Diet Building

Here are some fascinating tidbits about the National Diet Building:

1. The central entrance is rarely used. Known as "the door that never opens," it's reserved for special occasions such as the Emperor's visits or the first session after elections.

2. The central hall features an empty pedestal alongside statues of three important political figures. The reason for this empty space is debated, with theories ranging from indecision about whose statue to place there to symbolizing the ongoing nature of politics.

3. The building's central tower was once the tallest structure in Tokyo, standing at 65.45 meters. It held this title until 1964 when it was surpassed by the Hotel New Otani.

4. In the House of Representatives chamber, seating is arranged according to party strength, with the largest parties seated to the right of the Speaker and smaller parties and independents to the left.

5. The building contains a special room for the Emperor (Gokyūsho), which is said to have cost 10% of the entire construction budget and features some of the finest craftsmanship in the building.

These unique features and historical details make the National Diet Building not just a seat of government, but also a fascinating destination for those interested in architecture, politics, and Japanese history. Whether you're a political enthusiast or simply curious about Japan's governing institutions, a visit to the Diet Building offers a unique glimpse into the heart of Japanese democracy.

For more information about visiting the Diet Building and other points of interest in Tokyo, check out guides to Tokyo Museums & Art Galleries click here. If you're planning an extended trip to Japan, you might also find Books on Japan Travel helpful for your journey.